U.S. Regions: North Central

Oct 24, 2022

U.S. Regions: North Central

Oct 24, 2022 | by Katie Rebecca Garner

The Little House on the Prairie series follows the Ingalls family as they move from Wisconsin, Kansas, Minnesota, and eventually to the Dakotas. The book series was written by Laura Ingalls Wilder of her family’s adventures and reflects what your North Central ancestors may have faced as they settled Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, and the Dakotas. This article goes over how to research those ancestors.

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History

Much of what is now the North Central region of the United States was first discovered and explored by the French in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. France ceded this land to Spain in 1762, then regained it in 1800. Consequently, the cities St Paul and Minneapolis were briefly both French and Spanish. Much of this area was part of the Louisiana purchase in 1803.

What is now the state of Minnesota was split when territories were being reorganized, making its border changes more complicated than in other states. Part of Minnesota was acquired by England at the Treaty of Paris; it was part of the province Quebec then later became part of U.S. unorganized territory. Another section of Minnesota remained English until 1818. Another section remained in Spanish control until 1800 and was part of the 1803 Louisiana purchase; this section went through the territorial reorganization that occurred as the Louisiana territory was split and as other states were formed.

Louisiana territory was created after the Louisiana purchase. Michigan, Illinois, and Missouri territories were created from that within the next decade. Missouri territory included what is now Minnesota and Iowa. The territories were reorganized a few times in the 1830s with Wisconsin territory being created in 1836. Wisconsin included Iowa and part of the Dakotas (east of the Missouri River). Iowa territory was created in 1838 and became a state in 1846. Meanwhile the Minnesota area was left without a government when Wisconsin became a state, so Minnesota territory was created in 1849; Minnesota included the eastern part of the Dakotas. The western part of the Dakotas was part of Nebraska territory, which was created in 1854. Minnesota became a state in 1858. The leftover Minnesota territory and the northern part of Nebraska territory was reorganized a few years later as Dakota territory. Nebraska became a state in 1867. Dakota territory was split into two states in 1889.

The earliest inhabitants of the North Central region were Native Americans. Tribes native to the Dakotas included the Mandans, Arikaras, and Sioux. Eastern tribes moved to the Dakotas included the Hidatsas, Crows, Cheyennes, Creeks, Assiniboines, Yanktonai Dakotas, Teton Dakotas, and Chippewas. Early French explorers and traders formed relationships with the Native Americans. Smallpox epidemics, most likely brought by white settlers, wiped out large portions of the Native population. Some of the European settlers reproduced with the Native Americans, forming a half-breed race called Metis. Metis was over half the population by 1850.

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French Canadians began mining lead in the Iowa area in 1788. The Spanish government of Louisiana started giving land grants to these miners in 1796. Fur trading, Catholic missions, and military attracted early settlers of the Minnesota area. Some 1812 settlements in the Dakotas were abandoned by 1823. There were no permanent settlements until the 1850s.

Prior to 1860, pioneers passed through Nebraska along the Platte River Valley toward Oregon and California. Building the Pacific Railroad was a larger motivation for organizing Nebraska territory than settlement or colonization was. As the population in Nebraska grew, it grew along the rivers and the developing railroads.

Iowa saw eastern and European settlers earlier than its western counterparts. Nebraska saw most inward migration after the Civil War. Pioneers came to the area from Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, Indiana, and New England. Pioneers also went through the area to Montana and Utah. The California gold rush drew migrants from the area. European immigrants also settled in the North Central region; this included people from Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, British Isles, Switzerland, Czech, Poland, Greece, Russia, Ukraine, and Finland. Settlers to Dakotas came in community groups, which settled in specific counties. In the late nineteenth century, a sizable portion of the population was foreign born, mainly from eastern Europe. Treaties with Native Americans opened land for white settlement. Steamboats and railroads increased migration to the North Central region. The homestead act of 1862 attracted settlers to the west.

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One good resource for North Central research is cemetery records. This includes tombstones and burial records. Family members were typically buried near each other, so when one family member’s burial spot is found, search the same cemetery for relatives. The burial records or sexton records may contain more information than the gravestones themselves. These records usually include birth and death information, and clues about military service or organizations the ancestor was in. Many gravestone images can be found online at Find-A-Grave or BillionGraves. Historical and genealogical societies often have transcriptions of gravestones in their local area.

Census records are a good base for research, because they give useful clues to finding other records. The territorial border changes of the North Central region will affect what state or territory to look for your North Central ancestor in. Northwest territory, which included part of Minnesota, appears on the 1800 census. Michigan territory first appears on the 1830 census. Iowa and Wisconsin territories first appear on the 1840 census. Iowa first appears as a state on the 1850 census and Minnesota territory appears on that same census. Minnesota appears as a state beginning with the 1860 census. Dakota and Nebraska territories first appear on that same census. Nebraska is a state on the next census. 1890 would have been the first census the Dakotas appeared on as states. Fragments of that census include Minnesota and South Dakota. State and territorial censuses exist for all five states.

Histories of towns and counties, and biographical sketches can also be helpful in research. This is especially true for ancestors who were prominent citizens or early settlers. Histories are a good way to gain historical context of your ancestor’s lifetime. This can be a gold mine if it is well documented; but be careful because such sources are not always well documented. Because the North Central region was settled relatively recently, county histories written in the late nineteenth century aren’t as far removed from the event as those written for earlier settlements. To find digital county histories, search in Google Books or FamilySearch Books for the county name.

Another record type to search for your ancestors in are land and property records, including those created by the Homestead act. The homestead act of 1862 attracted settlers to the west, and this created a paper trail of genealogically valuable information. Homesteaders had to apply for a claim of land which they were to reside on and improve for a five-year period. At the end of the five years, homesteaders would apply for ownership of their claim. This application process included answering questions about the land and family, and obtaining testimonies of witnesses, who were usually neighbors. Even if your ancestor wasn’t a homesteader, they may have witnessed for a neighbor who was.

Not everyone settling in the North Central region obtained land through homesteading. Some ancestors bought land from the federal government through a land office. Some early settlers came to the area before the federal government established land offices, so they lived on illegally claimed land. When the land offices were established, many of these early settlers took measures to make sure no one else could claim the land they’d been living on. Railroads also obtained land from the federal government then sold it. Of course, there would also have been people buying and selling land from each other.

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Patents, records of land obtained from the federal government, either through purchase or homesteading, are available through the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Deeds, records of land sold by one owner to the next owner, were recorded at the county level. Resources for searching land records for each state can be found through the Red Book online or the FamilySearch Wiki. Homestead records for Nebraska are available on Fold3. Homestead records can also be obtained through NARA.

Some of the homesteaders and other settlers of the North Central region were Civil War veterans. Residents of the North Central region may have also fought in the Spanish-American war or in either of the World Wars. Draft cards for the World Wars usually include the residence, birth date and place, and name a relative. Veterans or their widows may have applied for pensions, which would have left a paper trail of genealogically valuable information. Military records can be found on Fold3.

Another good source of information is probate records. These records give the location and date of estate actions and give names of heirs and tell how they are related to each other. Be sure to include wills, inventories, accounts, balances of final distribution, and testamentary proceedings in your search.  For ancestors who died intestate (without a will), there are administrator bonds, inventories, and settlement records. For ancestors who died testate (with a will), there are executer bonds, wills, codicils, and settlement records. If a man died leaving behind minor dependents, there would also be guardianship records.

If you need help researching your ancestors, please contact me to set up a consultation.

 

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    Katie Rebecca Garner

    Katie has been involved with genealogy since 2014. She has a degree in Applied Science in Family History Research from BYU-Idaho, and is pursuing an AG through ICAPGen. Katie specializes in U.S. Mid-Atlantic and is currently developing curricula to teach genealogy to children.

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